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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The Evaporation of Water from Soil
- Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / December 1914
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 456-475
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The evaporation of water from the soil fractions “sand” and “silt,” from china clay, and ignited soil is a relatively simple phenomenon which can readily be explained by the known laws of evaporation and diffusion. The evaporation from soil is more complex, something being present which operates in making the relation between the soil and the soil water of a different and closer nature than in the case of sand, etc. The effect is not due to the soluble humus, for the removal of this material from the soil does not appreciably affect the phenomena of evaporation. Any possible effect of the insoluble organic matter is largely eliminated by the consideration that ignited sand and silt behave like the unignited material.
Studies in soil cultivation. III. Measurements on the Rothamsted classical plots by means of dynamometer and plough.
- William B. Haines, Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 15 / Issue 3 / July 1925
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 395-406
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Maps of soil resistance to ploughing have been drawn up from the dynamometer readings over several seasons for the Rothamsted classical plots, carrying wheat, barley and roots respectively.
The conclusions as to the effect of manurial treatment are only of a general nature at the present stage of the work. Such differences are certainly small in comparison with the natural variations in the soil.
In the case of the Broadbalk wheat plots the drawbar pull values have been shown to have a close relationship with the clay content of the soil and with certain aspects of the soil drainage.
A note on the capillary rise of water in soils
- Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 9 / Issue 4 / October 1919
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 396-399
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Very diverse views are expressed on the height to which water can rise in soils under the forces of capillarity. Alway and MacDole in the course of a brief historical review, point out that these estimates range from two or three feet only, to as much as two or three kilometres, although the majority do not exceed 200 feet. Most of the investigators who advance a high value for the capillary rise are careful to point out that in all probability the movement of water in this case would be exceedingly slow, owing to the excessive friction in the minute capillary spaces. Actual experiments on the rise of water in tubes of compacted soil result in low values, which are in all probability exceeded in the field. Warington in his book Physical Properties of Soil gives a typical table showing the results of Loughridgeb for Californian soils.
Studies in soil cultivation. II. A test of soil uniformity by means of dynamometer and plough
- William B. Haines, Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 15 / Issue 3 / July 1925
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 387-394
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Measurements are recorded of soil resistance to ploughing, taken with a view to testing the uniformity of a soil over a single field. The results have been examined for significance and indicate large variations over short distances. The differences have been represented by means of isodyne contours (i.e. lines of equal drawbar pull), drawn on a map.
The importance is emphasised of assuming and allowing for such variations before drawing conclusions from the drawbar pull recorded by different implements.
Preliminary work is described showing that the variations are correlated with clay content and also with the growth of a crop in its early stages.
The relation between the vapour pressure and water content of soils
- Amar Nath Puri, Edward M. Crowther, Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 15 / Issue 1 / January 1925
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 68-88
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Much of the modern work on the physical properties of soil has been interpreted on a colloidal basis and more recently this hypothesis has been extended by the thermodynamical studies of Wilsdon and also by the investigations of two of us on an indirect measurement of the vapour pressure of capillary systems. There is evidence that the colloidal portion of the soil can be regarded as possessing a reticulate structure, possibly analogous to that shown by Zsigmondy to exist in silica gels. The pore space in soils is therefore an assemblage of voids and irregular capillaries ranging from ultramicroscopic dimensions in the colloidal portions to the macroscopic interstices between adjacent compound particles and the larger mineral fragments. Whereas in studies of evaporation and movement of water the total intersticial space is operative, the vapour pressure of soils at different moisture contents is very largely controlled by the minute pores associated with the colloidal portion and the larger voids have comparatively little influence. Vapour pressure measurements therefore afford a promising line of attack on the physical relations between the colloidal soil material and water, especially when the measurements are made on soils subjected to a variety of preliminary treatments, known to have a considerable effect on other physical properties. The effect of successive wetting and drying, heating and addition of salts are of especial interest in this connection.
The relation between the clay content and certain physical properties of a soil
- Bernard A. Keen, Henry Raczkowski
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 11 / Issue 4 / October 1921
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 441-449
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A simple experimental method has been described for measuring certain physical constants of soil, using small brass boxes into which soil passing a sieve of 100 meshes to the inch has been packed by hand. The quantities determined are:
(1) The weight of unit volume (100 c.c.s.) of air-dry soil, or the apparent specific gravity.
(2) Amount of water taken up by unit weight of soil.
(3) Pore space.
(4) Specific gravity of the soil.
(5) The volume expansion of unit volume (100 c.c.) of soil when saturated.
The results for one soil only are given, and discussed, to illustrate the method. With the co-operation of the Science Masters Association it is being applied to a number of soils by various schools.
The particular soil used was obtained in six depths as follows: 0–6–12″, 12–18″, 18–24″, 2–3′, 3–4′, and the above constants were determined on each depth. It was shown that (1) and (4) varied inversely with the percentage of clay in the soil, while (2), (3), and (5) varied directly with the clay percentage. The effect on the constants of the larger quantities of organic, matter present in the top two layers of soil was, weight for weight, approximately equal to that of the clay, except in the volume expansion results where the effect if any was within experimental error.
It is possible that the fraction fine silt II, whose upper limit of diameter is ·005 mm., has similar effects to the clay fraction.
The evaporation of water from soil. II.: Influence of soil type and manurial treatment
- Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 11 / Issue 4 / October 1921
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 432-440
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Further experiments have been done on the evaporation of water from soil, using the same apparatus and technique as described in an earlier paper. The present series of experiments was designed to investigate the effect of clay content and manurial treatment on the evaporation. Two soils have been used, one containing only 6% clay and the other 15%, and from each soil samples were taken from plots which had received (a) no manure, (b) artificial manure, (c) farmyard manure. The rate at which the soils lost water over concentrated sulphuric acid and at a constant temperature, was found to depend firstly on the amount of clay present, and secondly on the amount of organic material in the soil. The differences due to content of organic material were more obvious in the soil containing the larger amount of clay; the farmyard manure plot lost water at the slowest rate, and the unmanured plot occupied an intermediate position. In the sandy soil the differences in evaporation due to manuring were small.
There is evidence that the moisture equivalent of these soils measures the percentage of water at which the evaporation is first directly affected by the soil particles, and that at percentages of water in excess of the moisture equivalent evaporation is taking place substantially from a free water surface.
Studies in soil cultivation. I. The evolution of a reliable dynamometer technique for use in soil cultivation experiments.
- Bernard A. Keen, William B. Haines
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 15 / Issue 3 / July 1925
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 375-386
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An account is given of a reliable technique that has been evolved for making dynamometer measurements in the field. It has been shown that quite small variations in the trace of the drawbar pull are significant, and correspond to actual variations in the resistance of the soil. No significant change in drawbar pull is produced by imperfect adjustments in the hitch or set of the implement within the limits met with in ordinary ploughing, except in so far as the depth of working is affected. The drawbar pull bears a linear relationship to ploughing depth within the region of ordinary ploughing. The slope of the land is without appreciable effect on the drawbar pull up to gradients of 1 in 40.
A quantitative relation between soil and the soil solution brought out by freezing-point determinations
- Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 9 / Issue 4 / October 1919
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 400-415
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An examination has been made of some of the extensive experimental data obtained by Bouyoucos and his associates on the freezing-point depression of soil solution at varying moisture contents, examined in situ.
These workers find that the soil solution in quartz sand and extreme types of sandy soil obeys approximately the same law as dilute solutions—the freezing-point depression varying as the concentration, or in the present case, inversely as the moisture content. In other words
where K is a constant, and Dn is the freezing-point depression, at a moisture content of Mn. Soils do not obey this law, the freezing-point depression rapidly increasing as the moisture content decreases.
On the moisture relationships in an ideal soil
- Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / April 1924
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 170-177
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The movement of water in soil, and the manner in which water is distributed over the particles and within the interstices, i.e. the dynamical and statical aspects respectively of moisture distribution, are of fundamental importance in soil science. The literature of the subject abounds with experimental determinations, but the difficulties of theoretical treatment are great, and it is only within recent years that any serious attempts have been made in this direction.
Studies in Soil Cultivation.: V. Rotary Cultivation
- Bernard A. Keen, The Staff of the Soil Physics Dept
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 20 / Issue 3 / July 1930
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 364-389
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Experiments extending over the four years, 1926–9 inclusive, have been carried out on a heavy and stony loam soil to compare rotary cultivation with normal methods for the production of a seed-bed. The work has been confined to spring-sown crops—swedes and barley—and to spring cultivations.
Rotary cultivation gives earlier and better germination of seed, followed by better early growth.
In every experiment, however, the final yield has either been no better, or else significantly below that obtained from the plots cultivated in the usual way. The barley crop gives equally good yields under the various soil cultivation treatments; although there is better germination under rotary cultivation, the plants on the remaining plots, having greater root range, throw out more tillers and thus level up the yield. The swede crop did not do so well under rotary cultivation, in spite of better early growth. In the 1926 experiments this was due to an extensive hardening or “capping” of the soil on the rotary cultivation plots but, although this effect was absent in the 1928 experiments, a reduced yield was still obtained.
The dispersion of soil in water under various conditions
- Amar Nath Puri, Bernard A. Keen
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / April 1925
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 147-161
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A study has been made of the intensity of the forces binding soil particles together, when the soil has been previously subjected to treatments simulating various field conditions, and certain laboratory processes connected with physical, chemical and biological investigations.
The technique adopted consisted in shaking soil with water under reproducible conditions, allowing the mixture to stand for 24 hours, and then determining the concentration of soil in the top 8·5 cm. of the suspension. This concentration was expressed as a percentage of the original concentration of the soil, and the value thus obtained was called the dispersion factor of the soil under the given conditions of treatment.
The evaporation of water from soil: III. A critical study of the Technique
- Bernard A. Keen, Edward M. Crowther, John R. H. Coutts
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 16 / Issue 1 / January 1926
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 105-122
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Some recent researches on the evaporation of water from soil are reviewed.
Experiments on the evaporation of water from a soil paste spread in shallow pans showed that the drying proceeded very irregularly over the soil mass. Considerable portions became almost completely dry whilst other portions remained very wet. There was a rough relationship between the form of the dry patch and the shape of the corresponding evaporation rate curves.
An improvement in technique was effected by exposing the soil in thin layers below glass plates. Under these conditions, reproducible results were obtained. Soil and kaolin, but not sand, gave considerable linear portions over the region of decreasing rate of evaporation. Tests on soil exposed as central discs, or peripheral rings, and on partially covered full plates, showed that, owing to the type of air currents set up, the drying was largely confined to the outer edges during the early stages.
On the effect of wear on small mesh wire sieves
- Bernard A. Keen, William B. Haines
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 13 / Issue 4 / October 1923
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 467-482
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A series of measurements of wire diameter, length of side, and area of holes, has been made on new and used sieves, all of which were originally of the “100 mesh” size, i.e. the square holes were supposed to be ·01″ in length of side and the wire to be ·01″ in diameter. The measurements have been expressed as frequency curves.
In the case of unused sieves woven to the I.M.M. specification, the sieve on the whole compared well with the specification, but in used sieves the variations were much greater. The divergence from specification in the new and old sieves is shown by Tables I and II respectively.
In one sieve (No. 2) the holes elongated more in one direction than the other. In fact in one direction the alteration which has taken place is a contraction rather than a stretch. This effect was probably connected with the manner in which the sieve was attached to its metal framework, and also to difference in tempering of the wires and the tension in weaving.
A number of the frequency curves showed double peaks, and the actual observations showed that there was a systematic distribution of values corresponding to these two peaks. It is probable that some of the guides in one of the combs through which the warp wires are led during the weaving were displaced sideways, thus giving alternate strands of wire and narrow holes. This was particularly the case in the single weave.
The relations existing between the soil and its water content: A Résumé of the Subject
- Bernard A. Keen
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / January 1920
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 44-71
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In any systematic account of the work done on the moisture in soil and its behaviour under varying conditions, it is necessary to keep constantly in mind that the underlying hypotheses have been profoundly modified in recent years. When physical methods were first applied to the examination of soils, the results were interpreted on the obvious hypothesis that the soil could be regarded as composed of mineral particles of varying shapes and sizes, over the surfaces of which the water was distributed in a thin film. The movements of the film water and its average thickness at any time, under the varying meteorological and soil influences, could be predicted more or Jess completely from known physical principles such as surface tension, etc. Similarly, the concentration of the plant nutrients in the soil moisture was considered mainly as a matter of solubility in, and diffusion within, this moisture. The foundation of the subject of soil physics was laid upon these lines in the early 19th century by Davy and Schübler.
Contributors
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- By Isabella Aboderin, W. Andrew Achenbaum, Katherine R. Allen, Toni C. Antonucci, Sara Arber, Claudine Attias‐Donfut, Paul B. Baltes, Sandhi Maria Barreto, Vern L. Bengtson, Simon Biggs, Joanna Bornat, Julie B. Boron, Mike Boulton, Clive E. Bowman, Marjolein Broese van Groenou, Edna Brown, Robert N. Butler, Bill Bytheway, Neena L. Chappell, Neil Charness, Kaare Christensen, Peter G. Coleman, Ingrid Arnet Connidis, Neal E. Cutler, Sara J. Czaja, Svein Olav Daatland, Lia Susana Daichman, Adam Davey, Bleddyn Davies, Freya Dittmann‐Kohli, Glen H. Elder, Carroll L. Estes, Mike Featherstone, Amy Fiske, Alexandra Freund, Daphna Gans, Linda K. George, Roseann Giarrusso, Chris Gilleard, Jay Ginn, Edlira Gjonça, Elena L. Grigorenko, Jaber F. Gubrium, Sarah Harper, Jutta Heckhausen, Akiko Hashimoto, Jon Hendricks, Mike Hepworth, Charlotte Ikels, James S. Jackson, Yuri Jang, Bernard Jeune, Malcolm L. Johnson, Randi S. Jones, Alexandre Kalache, Robert L. Kane, Rosalie A. Kane, Ingrid Keller, Rose Anne Kenny, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Kees Knipscheer, Martin Kohli, Gisela Labouvie‐Vief, Kristina Larsson, Shu‐Chen Li, Charles F. Longino, Ariela Lowenstein, Erick McCarthy, Gerald E. McClearn, Brendan McCormack, Elizabeth MacKinlay, Alfons Marcoen, Michael Marmot, Tom Margrain, Victor W. Marshall, Elizabeth A. Maylor, Ruud ter Meulen, Harry R. Moody, Robert A. Neimeyer, Demi Patsios, Margaret J. Penning, Stephen A. Petrill, Chris Phillipson, Leonard W. Poon, Norella M. Putney, Jill Quadagno, Pat Rabbitt, Jennifer Reid Keene, Sandra G. Reynolds, Steven R. Sabat, Clive Seale, Merril Silverstein, Hannes B. Staehelin, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Debra Street, Philip Taylor, Fleur Thomése, Mats Thorslund, Jinzhou Tian, Theo van Tilburg, Fernando M. Torres‐Gil, Josy Ubachs‐Moust, Christina Victor, K. Warner Shaie, Anthony M. Warnes, James L. Werth, Sherry L. Willis, François‐Charles Wolff, Bob Woods
- Edited by Malcolm L. Johnson, University of Bristol
- Edited in association with Vern L. Bengtson, University of Southern California, Peter G. Coleman, University of Southampton, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 01 December 2005, pp xii-xvi
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Metallisation and Silicidation of Porous Silicon
- Bernard J. Aylett, Lyndsay G. Earwaker, John M. Keen
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 282 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 February 2011, 281
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- 1992
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Thin films of cobalt, rhenium, or cobalt silicide have been deposited down the pores of porous silicon layers, using HCo(CO)4, HRe(CO)5, and SiH3Co(CO)4 as precursors in a Chemical Vapour Infiltration and Decomposition (CVID) technique.